ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF SHIPYARD ON MARINE ECOSYSTEM

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF SHIPYARD ON MARINE ECOSYSTEM

ABSTRACT

This work examines a number of environmental, climate change and sustainable development (green growth) issues that are affecting the shipbuilding industry.

The work notes that like other heavy fabricating sectors shipbuilding involves the use of materials and manufacturing practices that can impact on the environment, can contribute to climate change. The report also points out that as well as the construction phase ships can have such impact throughout their lives (which can extend to 30 or more years), and during their disposal.

Taking a holistic approach to ship construction could give the shipbuilding industry the opportunity of not only setting its own environmental agenda (rather than be forced by government or public pressure) but to also deal with such impacts more effectively, and perhaps even benefit commercially from associated innovations.

CHAPTER ONE

1.2 INTRODUCTION

Shipbuilding, and its associated activities, is of tremendous importance to the functioning of the world economy, with ships accounting for the transportation of 90% (by volume) of internationally traded cargo (ICS, 2009) and thus constituting the backbone of world trade. Despite this importance, the industry‘s environmental credentials are relatively unknown in the public domain, and apart from some catastrophic oil spills there has been little focus on its environmental impact; especially when compared to other industries such as the air and ground transportation sectors.

Nevertheless, recent developments point to the growing importance of the shipbuilding industry‘s environmental agenda. This is mostly apparent with the rising urgency and concern over issues related to climate change¹ in the shipping sector (IMO, 2008a, 2009c), but it is also evident in the ship recycling sector where work by both environmental and human rights organisations have demonstrated a number of serious health, safety, and environmental problems. So far, the environmental impact of ship construction itself has been relatively unnoticed by the public; but given rising concerns over such impacts from shipping and ship recycling, not to mention from industrial production in general, it is likely that pressure for better environmental performance in the shipbuilding industry as a whole will grow.

Notionally, the environmental impact of shipbuilding is by no means small. The building of ships depends on a large number of processes which by themselves constitute significant risks of damage to the shipyards‘ surrounding environment and which lead to significant emissions of greenhouse gases. In addition, shipbuilding uses some materials which not only may carry serious implications for environmental harm during their production and usage in the ship construction process, but also subsequently during ship repairing, operation, and recycling activities.

One of the primary areas of focus in terms of the shipbuilding industry‘s environmental impact is climate change. Climate change has long been on the political agenda, but little is known about how much the industry contributes. In fact, lack of information on matters such as the industry‘s emissions of greenhouse gases extends to virtually all other potential environmental impacts of the industry, including discharge of wastes, emissions of pollutants to air soil of water, and the consumption of energy and raw materials.

At the same time, it must also be acknowledged that the shipbuilding industry provides for one of the most energy-efficient modes of transportation. For example, compared to other forms of transportation its CO₂ emissions are much lower per weight of goods carried. This is of considerable importance concerning issues of climate change; especially when bearing in mind the enormous role that ships play in international trade.

Nevertheless, the CO₂ emissions of shipping are projected to rise considerably in the future, and the shipbuilding industry cannot neglect taking urgent action to mitigate its contribution to climate change. A similar comment can be made about other environmental and ―green growth‖ challenges faced by the industry.

The concept of ―green growth‖ is particularly important for any industry, as it implies the ability to increase economic activity or output while lowering, or eliminating, environmental impacts. This will be an imperative for any future industrial activity and will naturally demand intricate environmental knowledge pertaining to all associated processes.

However, little is currently known about the shipbuilding industry‘s actual environmental impact, and it remains extremely difficult to paint a comprehensive picture of this impact, let alone establishing its magnitude. By itself, this difficulty highlights a timely need for the industry to increase the openness and transparency of its environmental profile and performance, before it is forced to do so by public and government pressure. This also indicates the difficulty of establishing more precise and encompassing environmental analyses of ships, i.e. including issues arising from raw materials, construction, shipping, and dismantling, which essentially prevent shipyards from taking cost-effective actions that could help to improve the environmental performance of the industry as a whole.

To get a clearer picture of the situation, and to provide a basis for more detailed and specific analysis, this paper aims to identify and outline the major environmental and climate change issues in shipbuilding. In this context, this study takes a relatively ―holistic‖ view of the shipbuilding industry, and looks beyond the simple act of constructing ships. The reason for this is that while shipbuilding is not directly responsible for the environmental impact of raw material production, shipping, or ship dismantling and recycling, the construction of ships can, from an environmental perspective, be intricately linked to these associated activities.

Taking this form of interdependence as a starting point, the paper will set out by outlining a conceptual framework for viewing the environmental impact of industrial activity and how it applies to shipbuilding. From this context, the paper will turn to the various environmental challenges faced by that shipbuilding, including issues related to raw materials, shipping, and ship dismantling and recycling activities.

It is hoped that this approach will minimize the inclination for the industry in its broadest sense to adopt a approach, where each simply looks at its own activities, without any thought as to how their decisions could subsequently affect downstream activities, and their impacts on the environment, climate change and green growth.

1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of the project as a whole is to make the ship manufacturing, repair and recycling industry sustainable in the future by helping it improve its occupational safety and health working conditions and the protection of the environment.

1.3 GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

The goal of this study is to prepare an environmental impact analysis with up-to-date environmental information of the ship manufacturing, repair and recycling. The specific objectives are:

To review available literature by taking into account the associated Scoping Study Report to provide an up-to-date picture of the environmental impact of ship manufacturing, repair or recycling industry;
1. to identify local environmental pressures from other sources as well as their environmental impact;
1. To carry out field work (environmental sample collection and analysis) and stakeholder consultation in order to obtain additional data to fulfil identified information gaps; to prepare a comprehensive environmental impact study report of the ship recycling industry.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The aim was to develop an understanding of environmental aspects in consideration of the ship recycling activities; especially water, sediment/soil and air quality surrounding the ship recycling yards.

1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The objective has been achieved, with the following limitations:

The environmental conditions were mainly investigated through a mix of field and desk studies. Detailed field sampling design from designated sites within the yards and control sample beyond the nearby Sandwip Island were formulated. Contacts were made both with academic and research laboratories for subsequent analysis of the collected samples. The results of the chemical analyses are included in this report. Monitoring of some parameters is being undertaken by the Department of Environment (DoE); these data are also included in this report.

Not all of the recycling yards were in operation as the owners do not find business always commercially viable and dismantling activities are intermittent. As understood, some of the yards have remained inactive for several years and at the same time critical coastal habitat (i.e. mangrove ecosystem) are being encroached on to establish new yards. Thus, DoE monitoring may not consistently reflect operational activity and the yards are not easily able to share data that represents this. Even so, the number of yards that permitted visits to their facilities shared data and participated in consultation meeting was satisfactory.

Differentiation of pollutants from different sources i.e. industries, agriculture, domestic is also difficult. Ship recycling could be a minor component of environmental pollution in the area and the other sources indicated could be more significant, requiring attention to them to protect the environment.
Thus, further studies are needed to address the issues. Some research on this at the Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries of the University of Chittagong is ongoing.

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