AGE, SEX AND TEST ANXIETY AS PREDICTORS OF EX ATTENTION:
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AMINATION MALPRACTICES AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
- Background to the Study
According to Oredein (2008), the variables of age, sex and test anxiety of students largely influence their behaviour especially during examinations. Some scholars have argued that these variables correlate to certain degree and cannot be separated from examination malpractices. To many researchers, age of the learner determines the variation in the speed at which he learns and at the rate at which he engages in examination malpractices. Others have attached sex the learner as factor for examination malpractices. For instance, in tracing the mode of examination malpractice between the sexes, Oredein (2008) argued empirically that girls find it easy to inscribe information on any part of their body like thighs, baby pampers, purses and palms than their male counterpart. Apart from this, other scholars have identified test anxiety as the main cause of examination malpractices. According to Ibrahim (2004) academic success usually depend
students who feel competent will not be much threatened by stressful academic demands but to one’s surprise, students are generally anxious over examination, which invariably leads some of them to engage in examination malpractice.
One of the objectives of education in Nigeria is to prepare the youth to become self sufficient in order to meet the nation’s manpower requirements. Schools need to conduct examinations purposely to assess the cognitive ability of the student. It follows then that examination is very paramount in the placement of students. Examination, according to Maruka (1993) “can be seen as a way to ascertain how much of a subject matter in a particular field of study the candidate has mastered.” In other words, it is a process through which studies are evaluated or tested to find out the quality of knowledge students have acquired within a specific period.
Examinations could be oral, written or both. However, examination malpractice is any wrong doing before, during or after any examination. To Sooze (2004), Examination malpractice is an illegal means that students use
receives or acquires foreign aid in an attempt to pass examination, it is called examination malpractice.
The various dimensions of examination malpractice includes bringing of foreign materials into the examination hall, colliding with supervisors to cheat, receiving help from other candidates, impersonation, insult or assault on examination officials, electronically assisted malpractices, mass cheating, and changing of scores by examiners for candidates.
Studies on the causes of examination malpractice reveals that low morality, poor school facilities, inadequacy of trained teachers and corrupt nature of WAEC and NECO officials and desire to succeed at all cost by the students are the common reasons why students engage in examination malpractices (Idahosa, 2005).
Sex, according to Cambridge Dictionary is the state of being a male or female. Different views exist as to which sex involves most in examination malpractices. Lobel and Levanon (1988) argue that more males engage in
that there are more female involvement in examination malpractice than male.
The absence of significance difference between the anxiety levels of males and female most especially prior to examination could be attributed to many factors. Both students must have familiarized themselves with the academic environment and the females, thinking that they can always find themselves through by any means, write on parts of their body with the aim of engaging in examination malpractice. Boys have been found to partake in examination malpractice especially when they have fear of failing in difficult subjects. Based on this finding, sex as a variable will receive serious attention as predictor of examination malpractices.
Age, in education, is a level of development equivalent to that of an average person of a particular age. As already noted, the variable of age in combination with biological, cognitive, affective and psychological dimensions upon students’ examination malpractice seems to be one of the
malpractice. Amamize (2003) observed that maturation of the learner and exposure to different situations is a determining factor whether the student will involve himself or herself in examination malpractice. However, it still remains open to question whether a particular age group is more prone to examination malpractice. In some respect, all age group engage in examination malpractice and this is where the research will focus attention.
Test anxiety is another major factor that leads students to engage in examination malpractices. Olusade (2003) defines anxiety as the chronic fear that occurs when a threatened event is in the offing but is unpredictable. In a similar way, May (1977) in Ibrahim (2004), viewed anxiety as a maladjusted behaviour. On the other hand, test can be seen as a series of questions, problems, or practical tasks to gauge somebody’s knowledge, ability, or experience (Encarta, 2007). In other words, it is the exams designed to objectively measure the academic aptitude of students from varying social backgrounds and with different educational experience. Test anxiety therefore to the fear a student exhibits before, during or after
anxiety among secondary school students leading some of them into examination malpractices.
Considering the problem of examination malpractices, the rate at which students faint or fall sick during examination, and many other anxiety related problems in schools, it becomes necessary to find out the age and sex of the students and look at their anxiety levels.
With the embarrassing situation examination malpractice has caused the nation, this made the Federal Government in 1984 to promulgate Decree 20 to punish offenders. Part of the Decree reads thus:
“any person who fraudulently or with intent to cheat or secure any unfair
advantage to himself or any other person or in abuse of his office, produces, sells or buys or otherwise deals with any question paper intended for the examination of persons at any examination or commits any of the offences in specified section 3 (27) of this Decree shall be guilty of an offence and on conviction be sentenced to 21 years imprisonment. (Fagbemi, 1998), p 17).
Despite this attempt to curb examination malpractice, it has been on the increase. It therefore becomes imperative for policy makers to
examination malpractice, which presently, little is known about.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
As much as research has been conducted on examination malpractice, there is scanty information on how age and sex predicts examination malpractices. Although, there exist a lot of research on test anxiety but variable in combination with age and sex are yet to be fully researched.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this research work is to:
- Find out whether age predicts examination malpractices
- Find out if sex of the student has any relationship with test anxiety and examination malpractices
- Find out if examination malpractice may depend on such factors as age, sex and test anxiety.
1.4 Research Question
The research will answer the question:
- Is there any significant difference between age of the student and examination malpractice?
- Is there any significant difference between sex of the student and examination malpractice?
- Is there any significant difference between test anxiety and examination malpractice?
- Is there any significant difference between test anxiety and academic performance of the student?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
- There is significant difference between age of the student and examination malpractice
- There is significant difference between sex of the student and examination malpractice
- There is significant difference between test anxiety and examination malpractice
- There is significant difference between test anxiety and academic performance of the student
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study centers on age, sex and test anxiety as a predictor of examination malpractice among secondary school students in Ijebu Ode local government area of Ogun State but because of time, money and other factors, it will be limited to only four schools in Ijebu Ode.
1.7 Research Methodology
This study adopts the ex-post facto survey design. The target population for the study consists of two hundred secondary school students (100 males and 100 females) from four selected secondary schools in Ijebu-Ode Local Government Area of Ogun State. Data will be analyzed using step wise regression analysis.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
Examination: examination is a way to ascertain how much of a subject matter in a particular field of study the candidate has mastered. In other words, it is a process through which studies are evaluated or tested to find out the quality of knowledge they have acquired within a specific period. Examination malpractice: Examination malpractice is an illegal means that students use to pass examinations.
Sex: the state of a being female or male
Age: the chronological age of a person
Test Anxiety: Test anxiety in this study refers to the fear a student exhibits before, during or after writing a test.
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