THE USE OF ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AS A TOOL FOR INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMACY

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THE USE OF ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AS A TOOL FOR INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMACY

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Since the 1970s, economic sanctions have played an increasingly prominent role in international politics. States are employing economic sanctions with greater frequency in pursuit of a variety of foreign policy objectives. According to the most comprehensive data, 317 sanctions were imposed between 1945 and 1975. Between 1975 and 2005, however, 1095 new sanctions were put in place, targeting 164 countries; these data suggest that sanctions are expected to remain a popular choice of foreign policy for the future (Morgan, Bapat, & Kobayashi, 2014). At the same time, recent history demonstrates that while often viewed as a low-cost substitute for military interventions, sanctions can come with tremendous economic, human, and political costs. Illdesigned sanctions have created food shortages and malnutrition and dramatically raised morality rates within sanctioned populations (Gibbons, 1999; Weiss, 1999). Accordingly, there is growing attention by scholars and policymakers to minimizing these humanitarian externalities (Peksen, 2011; Allen & Lektzian, 2013). Less visible, but politically important nonetheless, is the economic harm that sanctions do to the sanctioning state itself, which is often compounded by the levying of counter-sanctions by the target.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

With their increasingly prominent role in international politics, and their potential costs, systematic research on sanctions has grown in recent years. Forty years ago, most studies on sanctions were concerned about whether sanctions succeed in achieving their goals. Predominantly drawing on a small number of prominent cases such as the U.S. sanctions imposed on Cuba after Castro came to power (Galtung, 1967; Doxey, 1972; Baer, 1973), they encouraged the then conventional wisdom that sanctions rarely succeed. As more systematic research became possible when Hufbauer, Schott, & Elliot (1990) introduced a large-N dataset on sanctions, this conventional wisdom was increasingly challenged. Contrary to the conclusion reached in early studies, subsequent research demonstrated that sanctions could be an effective tool of foreign policy, at least under certain conditions. As result, the literature since the 1990s can be characterized by systematic studies that are more concerned about when and how sanctions help achieve foreign policy goals, when and why states employ sanctions, how long sanctions last, and, more broadly, how economic sanctions function.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To understand the effect of economic sanctions on countries in international diplomacy
To understand the relationship between use of economic sanctions and international diplomacy

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What is the effect of economic sanctions on countries in international diplomacy
What is the relationship between use of economic sanctions and international diplomacy

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This work provides a depth of information and references for future researchers.

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