DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A LOW COST NEONATAL BILIRUBIN PHOTOTHERAPY EQUIPMENT WITH TIMER AND TEMPERATUE READER

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A LOW COST NEONATAL BILIRUBIN PHOTOTHERAPY EQUIPMENT WITH TIMER AND TEMPERATUE READER

Abstract

The objective of this project was to design and construct low cost neonatal bilirubin phototherapy equipment. This project has adopted the principle of changing the chemical structure of bilirubin by using the blue light and the principle of light and electronics. The design and construction of the project consisted of 4 main parts: 1) The power supply consisted of switching power supply 12 volts and 5 volts, 2) The light source consisted of 460 nanometer wavelength of blue light emitting diode, 660 nanometer wavelength of red light emitting diode, LED driver circuit and pulse width modulation circuit, 3) The control and display part consisted of microcontroller PIC18F252 and 7-segment display to show the spectral irradiance and therapy time and 4) The light intensity measurement part comprising of a light dependent resistor (LDR). The result of functional testing compared with Phototherapy Radiometer FLUKE DALE 40 found that the average percentage error of light intensity at the mattress and pad was 3.85% which does not have any effect on the neonatal jaundice. The project could set for 0-24 hours. All the materials could be found in the country and cheap.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Neonatal jaundice is a common problem in newborn (Ullah, Rahman, & Hedayati 2016). The yellow colors of skin and the sclera (whites of the eyes) of an infant are due to the collection of bilirubin in the skin and mucous membranes (Ayyappan et al., 2015). In the first week after birth, almost all babies have a higher bilirubin level than normal and more than two-thirds of newborns have jaundice that is called physiologic jaundice, which is visible to the eyes. Physiologic jaundice is the most abundant type of newborn hyperbilirubinemia. It is found normal babies without causing harm. But some jaundice babies are abnormal from several causes, are called pathologic jaundice, which can cause permanent brain abnormalities (Ultah et al., 2016). Diagnosing the two conditions is used to separate and select the appropriate treatment.

The blue light is used for reducing the concentration of bilirubin in the body of infants or the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn which is called Phototherapy, was first described by Cremer, Perryman and Richards (1958). This treatment generally reduces bilirubin levels in serum by converting bilirubin into dissolved isomers that can be eliminated without passing conjugation in the liver (Ennever, McDonagh, & Speck, 1983). The dose of phototherapy is very important to determine how quickly it works; the dose is determined by the wavelength of the light, the intensity of the light (irradiance), the distance of the light source to the infant and the body surface area exposed to the light respectively. The phototherapy equipment uses the 410 – 490 nm wavelength of blue light and the intensity of light 4 – 34 µW/cm2/nm is suitable (Lamola & Russo, 2014).

In commercially available intensive phototherapy systems, they commonly used daylight fluorescent, special blue bulb, halogen, LED and fiber optics (Sugar, Fishman, Kobernick, & Goodman, 1970). By comparison with five bulbs found that the efficiency of reducing the bilirubin level daylight fluorescent is less than the special blue bulb. The disadvantage of the special blue bulb is the blue light that can cause numbness in the eyes, nausea for the operation. Halogen lamps are as effective as daylight fluorescent but the light shines with narrow space, high heat that causes harm to baby easily and breaks easily. Currently fiber optic blanket is used for reducing the concentration of bilirubin but fiber optics blanket is expensive.

Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a light source which passes through by an electric current. When LED is connected in forward bias, LED will emit the visible light. The light from LED is monochromatic which occurs at a single wavelength. The output from a LED can range from blue which has a wavelength of approximately 410-490 nm.

1.2 Statement of the problem

The big problem from the source of the LED which contacts directly with skin is the heat conduction of the junction of LED semiconductor, which may cause serious skin burns. The adjusted amplitude modulating and the adjusted time multiplexing of LED can keep the LED within a safe temperature range. LED is also durable, low power consumption for the high brightness. The light of the tube is directed straight, no light distribution, long life and the light used does not cause skin damage. Therefore, LED lamps have a role in medicine due to a smaller size, they can be combined in any shape to produce highly efficiency brightness, greater lifetime, spectral stability and reduced power requirements. A low-voltage power supply is sufficient for LED brightness. The high intensity of light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is used as possible light sources for the phototherapy of hyperbilirubinemia neonates. The low power of the light source has the potential to transmit high-intensity waves of narrow wavelengths in the blue of the visible light spectrum, which overlap with the absorption spectrum of bilirubin (Chang et al., 2005).

1.3 Objectives of the study

The objectives of the study aim to design and construct low cost neonatal bilirubin phototherapy equipment which is low cost but can still be used correctly and accurately. The equipment is cheap and material can be found inside the country. The light source of the equipment comes from LED light which has intensity light adjusting by using the microcontroller to control. There is a time control system and also the structure of the equipment is created to adjust the height in order to use conveniently with other medical devices and moving as well.

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