A REVIEW OF FLOW ANALYSIS IN OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS-ENHANCING RECOVERY EFFICIENCY

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A REVIEW OF FLOW ANALYSIS IN OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS-ENHANCING RECOVERY EFFICIENCY

Abstract:

Efficient recovery of hydrocarbons from oil and gas reservoirs is crucial for maximizing production and optimizing resource utilization. Flow analysis plays a pivotal role in understanding the behavior of fluids within reservoirs and devising strategies to enhance recovery efficiency. This study aims to investigate flow dynamics in oil and gas reservoirs and explore methods to improve recovery rates. Through comprehensive analysis of reservoir characteristics, fluid properties, and flow mechanisms, this research seeks to identify factors influencing recovery efficiency and propose innovative techniques for enhanced hydrocarbon extraction. By integrating advanced computational modeling, reservoir simulation, and experimental approaches, this study aims to provide insights into flow behavior, identify potential reservoir challenges, and develop targeted solutions to optimize recovery processes. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the advancement of reservoir engineering practices and facilitate sustainable development of oil and gas resources.

CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Recovery efficiency is the fraction of oil in place that can be economically recovered with a given process. The efficiency of primary recovery mechanisms will vary widely from reservoir to reservoir, but the efficiencies are normally greatest with water drive, intermediate with gas cap drive, and least with solution gas drive. Results obtained with waterflooding have also varied. The waterflood recovery can range from less than the primary recovery to as much as 2.5 times the recovery obtained in some solution-gas drive reservoirs.

The exploration and production of oil and gas from subsurface reservoirs are vital components of the global energy industry. However, challenges such as declining production rates and inefficient recovery processes have prompted the need for innovative reservoir management techniques. Flow analysis plays a crucial role in enhancing recovery efficiency by providing insights into reservoir characteristics, fluid behavior, and production performance.

Recovery efficiency of oil is dependent upon the wettability of the rock matrix. In a water-wet system, the oil (which is the nonwetting phase) resides predominantly in the larger pores of the rock matrix and is relatively more mobile than if it resided in the smaller pores. Therefore, in a primary recovery with a pressure drop at the wellbore, the oil phase moves towards the production well with relative ease compared to oil in the oil-wet system that is trapped in smaller pores of the rock matrix. The efficiency of drive mechanisms (solution gas, gas cap, or natural water drive) in primary recovery is also dependent on the wettability of the rock. Under most circumstances, the recovery efficiency is higher in a water-wet reservoir because of higher relative permeability. In a study conducted on relative permeabilities at simulated reservoir conditions (Donaldson, Civan, and Alam, 1988) it was observed that with the increase of temperature the relative permeability increased and residual oil saturation decreased as the wettability shifted towards more water-wet conditions at higher temperatures.

Secondary recovery involves the injection of water (sometimes with dissolved additives) to displace reservoir oil to nearby production wells. In a water-wet reservoir water imbibes into the matrix pores, including the small pores, and displaces the resident fluids. The water resides in the smaller pores and is displaced by the injected water, which in turn displaces the oil from the larger pores towards the production well. With the continued injection of water, the water phase saturation increases and the capillary pressure decreases. Water saturation continues to increase until the differential pressure between water (wetting) and oil (nonwetting) becomes zero. To increase the water saturation beyond this point (meaning to produce more oil) the pressure of the water phase has to be greater than the oil phase or, in other words, there has to be negative capillary pressure. This is observed in mature waterflood cases in a water-wet reservoir. It is also observed in the initial phases of a waterflood in an oil-wet reservoir.

In an oil-wet reservoir, the pressure in the nonwetting phase (water phase) is increased with the injection of water. It displaces the oil phase from pore spaces (oil resides in the smaller pores) that are increasingly more difficult for the water (nonwetting) phase to enter because of pore throat restrictions or adhesion force of the oil phase to the matrix. Subsequently, a point is reached when the water phase cannot enter the remaining pore spaces where the oil phase resides (even at very high injection pressure), resulting in a relatively smaller recovery efficiency compared to a water-wet system.

1.2 Problem Statement

Despite advancements in reservoir engineering and production technologies, many oil and gas reservoirs still experience suboptimal recovery rates. Understanding the flow dynamics within reservoirs is essential for identifying factors limiting recovery efficiency and implementing strategies to mitigate these challenges. Therefore, there is a need for comprehensive flow analysis techniques to optimize hydrocarbon recovery and maximize resource utilization.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this research is to investigate flow analysis techniques in oil and gas reservoirs and their role in enhancing recovery efficiency. Specifically, the study aims to:

• To have a detailed understanding of the present flow dynamics of reservoir

• Analysis of the effect of various EOR techniques

• A model for flow optimization and improved recovery efficiency.

• Formulate practical and environmental friendly strategies to enhance recovery efficiency.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study holds significant implications for the oil and gas industry, reservoir engineers, and researchers involved in hydrocarbon recovery. By examining the role of flow analysis in reservoir management, the findings will contribute to the development of more effective production strategies, leading to improved recovery rates and resource utilization. Additionally, the research will highlight emerging trends and technologies in flow analysis, paving the way for innovation and advancement in reservoir engineering practices.

1.5 Scope of the Study The scope of this study encompasses various aspects of flow analysis in oil and gas reservoirs, including but not limited to reservoir characterization, fluid flow modeling, well performance analysis, and production optimization. The research will focus on both conventional and unconventional reservoirs, with an emphasis on recent advancements in flow analysis techniques and their application to enhance recovery efficiency.

1.6 Organization of the Study The remainder of this research is organized as follows: Chapter Two provides a comprehensive review of literature on flow analysis methods and their applications in reservoir engineering. Chapter Three discusses key parameters influencing flow behavior and recovery performance in oil and gas reservoirs. Chapter Four evaluates the effectiveness of various flow analysis techniques in predicting reservoir behavior and optimizing production strategies. Chapter Five explores innovative approaches and technologies for enhancing recovery efficiency through advanced flow analysis. Finally, Chapter Six summarizes the key findings of the study, offers recommendations for future research, and concludes the research.

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