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AN EMISSION INVENTORY OF POLLUTANTS IN ENUGU URBAN
ABSTRACT
Pollutant emissions in Enugu urban are generally from the combustion of petroleum products and to a negligible extent, solid waste disposal by open burning.
The quantity of petroleum products consumed within Enugu urban was obtained in the spot” from the functional fuel stations in the area.
The results showed that Nitrogen Oxide (No) has the highest annual concentration of 2309.11mg/m3. next is particulates (1075.8 mg/m3), hydrocarbons (378.32mg/m3), sulphur dioxide (1705.8mg/m3), and lastly, carbon monoxide (85.05mg/m3).
A comparison of pollutant concentrations with WHO quality standards showed that pollutant emissions within the study area (Enugu Urban) are well within safe limits although the pollutant concentrations will increase as the population and economy continue to grow.
Several recommendations were proferred towards the effective control of pollutant emissions into the study area. these include the improvement of the efficiency of fuels, the remobilization of automobile engines, establishment of more road network and traffic decongestion, and the promulgation of anti-air pollutant laws.
This emission inventory is recommend for the planning and development of this great metropolitan area called Enugu.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1a Air pollution
1.1b Emission factors and Emission Inventory
1.2 Scope of research
1.3 Data collection
1.4 Limitations
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 History of pollutants
2.2 Pollution
2.3 Types of pollution
2.31 Air pollution
2.311 Particulates
2.312 Hydrocarbons
2.313 Carbon monoxide
2.3131 C02 as a pollutant
2.314 Oxides of sulphur
2.315 Oxides of nitrogen
2.32 Water pollution
2.33 Land pollution
2.34 Noise pollution
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methodology
3.1 Emission inventory of pollutants
from petroleum products.
3.2 Concentration of pollutants (mg/m3)
CHAPTER FOUR
Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusion
CHAPTER SIX
Recommendation
Reference
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1A AIR POLLUTION
Though most people tend to associate air pollution problems with the advent of the industrial revolution, such problems in one form or another have plagued the human race for centuries. The earliest pollutants noted in the atmosphere were probably of natural origin: Smoke, fumes, ash and gases from volcanoes and forest fires, sand and dust from windstorms in arid regions; fog in humid, low-lying areas; and natural terpenehazes from pine trees in mountainous regions were part of our environment long before human induced (anthropogenic) problems came on the scene.
Indeed, several of the above-mentioned natural problems would surely have qualified as “air pollution” under this generally accepted definition of pollution of ambient, or outdoor air:
“Air pollution is the presence in the outdoor
atmosphere of one or more air contaminants
(ie dust, fumes, mist, odour, smoke or vapour)
in sufficient quantities of such characteristics,
and of such duration as to be or to threaten
to be injurious to human, plant, or animal
life, or to property, or which reasonably
interferes with the comfortable enjoyment….
produce, their projected emission of pollutants and the frequency duration, and relative contribution of pollutant emissions from each source.
Emission Inventories Are Used To:-
1. Plan developments in metropolitan areas.
2. Establish sampling programs and interpret the results of sampling activities
3. Establish emission standards
4. Provide basic input for simulation models.
5. Estimate air pollutant concentrations with various metrological conditions.
6. Establish baseline levels of air pollutant concentrations and to relate these to future trends.
7. Indicate seasonal and geographical distribution of air pollutants in a study area,
8. Assist in establishing priorities for a control programme.
1.2 SCOPE OF RESEARCH
The proposed research is designed to obtain an emission inventory of pollutants in Enugu metropolis.
Emphasis will be placed on:
1. The identification and classification of the types of pollutants emitted into the community.
2. The identification and classification of the sources of these pollutants
3. The determination of the quantity and quality of the material being handled, processed or burned.
4. The obtaining of emission factors of these materials and thus computing the rate of emission.
5. The comparism of the inventory with National ambient air quality standards.
6. The effect of pollutants on human health, plants, and on materials; and
7. The global implications of air pollution.
1.3 DATA COLLECTION
Relevant data figures and information for this study were collected from the Enugu State Environment Protection Agency-ENSEPA (emission factors for solid waste), by the use of questionnaires through personal interviews from field surveys and from literature sources.
EFFECT OF OIL SPILLAGE ON WATER QUALITY/MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Since the discovery of oil in Nigeria in the 1950s, the country has been suffering the negative environmental consequences of oil development. The growth of the country’s oil industry, combined with a population explosion and a lack of enforcement of environmental regulations has led to substantial damage to Nigeria’s environment, especially in the Niger Delta region.
An oil spill is the release of a liquidpetroleumhydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term is usually applied to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters, but spills may also occur on land. Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil.
Oil spills penetrate into the structure of the plumage of birds and the fur of mammals, reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less buoyant in the water. Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. Spills may take weeks, months or even years to clean up. Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land, since they can spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin oil slick which can cover beaches with a thin coating of oil. This can kill sea birds, mammals, shellfish and other organisms it coats. Oil spills on land are more readily containable if a makeshift earth dam can be rapidly bulldozed around the spill site before most of the oil escapes, and land animals can avoid the oil more easily.
When we thinkof oil spills, we usually think of oil tankers spilling their cargo in oceans or seas. However, oil spilled on land often reaches lakes, rivers, and wetlands, where it can also cause damage. Oceans and other saltwater bodies are referred to as marine environments. Lakes, rivers, and other inland bodies of water are called freshwater environments. The term aquatic refers to both marine and freshwater environments. When oil is spilled into an aquatic environment, it can harm organisms that live on or around the water surface and those that live under water. Spilled oil can also damage parts of the food chain, including human food resources.
The severity of the impact of an oil spill depends on a variety of factors, including characteristics of the oil itself. Natural conditions, such as water temperature and weather, also influence the behavior of oil in aquatic environments. Various types of habitats have differing sensitivities to oil spills as well. Oil penetrates into the structure of the plumage of birds and the fur of mammals, reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less buoyant in the water.
Animals who rely on scent to find their babies or mothers cannot due to the strong scent of the oil. This causes a baby to be rejected and abandoned, leaving the babies to starve and eventually die. Oil can impair a bird’s ability to fly, preventing it from foraging or escaping from predators. As they preen, birds may ingest the oil coating their feathers, irritating the digestive tract, altering liver function, and causing kidney damage. Together with their diminished foraging capacity, this can rapidly result in dehydration and metabolic imbalance. Some birds exposed to petroleum also experience changes in their hormonal balance, including changes in their luteinizing protein. The majority of birds affected by oil spills die from complications without human intervention. Some studies have suggested that less than one percent of oil-soaked birds survive, even after cleaning, although the survival rate can also exceed ninety percent, as in the case of the Treasure oil spill.
Heavily furred marine mammals exposed to oil spills are affected in similar ways. Oil coats the fur of sea otters and seals, reducing its insulating effect, and leading to fluctuations in body temperature and hypothermia. Oil can also blind an animal, leaving it defenceless. The ingestion of oil causes dehydration and impairs the digestive process. Animals can be poisoned, and may die from oil entering the lungs or liver.
There are three kinds of oil-consuming bacteria. Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) and acid-producing bacteria are anaerobic, while general aerobic bacteria (GAB) are aerobic. These bacteria occur naturally and will act to remove oil from an ecosystem, and their biomass will tend to replace other populations in the food chain.
When there is an oil spill on water, spreading immediately takes place. The gaseous and liquid components evaporate. Some get dissolved in water and even oxidize, and yet some undergo bacterial changes and eventually sink to the bottom by gravitational action. The soil is then contaminated with a gross effect upon the terrestrial life. As the evaporation of the volatile lower molecular weight components affect aerial life, so the dissolution of the less volatile components with the resulting emulsified water, affects aquatic life (Akpofure
et al, 2000).
The harmful effects of oil spill on the environment are many. Oil kills plants and animals in the estuarine zone. Oil settles on beaches and kills organisms that live there, It also settles onocean floor and kills benthic (bottom-dwelling) organisms such as crabs. Oil poisons algae,disrupts major food chains and decreases the yield of edible crustaceans. It also coats birds, impairing their flight or reducing the insulative property of their feathers, thus making the
birds more vulnerable to cold. Oil endangers fish hatcheries in coastal waters and as well contaminates the flesh of commercially valuable fish.
1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
The surface water throughout the water sources {well, rivers, etc} in Obunku community of Oyigbo Local Government Area, Rivers state contains hydrocarbons. Despite community concerns about their health and the damage of their water bodies, oil spill is still the order of the day. Some research show that fish consumption in Obunku community, either of those caught locally or purchased from markets are poisonous to the health. While some fishes tend to leave polluted areas in search of clean water. However, the fishes in that area will reduced in number. The wetlands around Obunku are highly degraded and facing disintegration.
Oil refineries are major polluters, consuming large amounts of energy and water, producing large quantities of waste waters, releasing hazardous gases into atmosphere and generating solid waste that are difficult both to treat and to dispose of. In term of the oil impact on ground water quality, it is seen in water contamination due to effluent, wash water and cooling water discharges, Water contamination due to discharges water effluents rich inorganic salts without appropriate treatment.
Oil spills are mainly caused by equipment failure, operational errors, and leaks
from obsolete pipes or willful damage – (that is sabotage). Many of the oil
facilities and operations are located within sensitive habitats – including areas vital to fish breeding, sea turtle nesting, mangroves and rainforests. These areas have been severely damaged, contributing to increased biodiversity loss, pollution of water and land resource, deforestation which has culminated in poverty, as a result of the loss of their livelihood. Due to the many forms of oil-generated environmental pollution evident throughout the region, farming and fishing have yielded limited output compared to the pre- oil exploration years. Also drinking water sources are polluted, thus potable water have become very scarce. The presence of oil spillages causes a major impact on the riverine ecosystem is a likely determinant of the poor water quality in oil producing communities like Obunku community in Oyigbo L.G.A, Rivers state.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this research is to determine the effect of oil spill on aquatic lives in Obunku community.
The objectives of the research are as follows;
- To identify the effect of oil spill on aquatic lives through the use of water quality in Obunku community of Oyigbo L.G.A, Rivers state.
- To examine the environmental effect of oil spill in Obunku community.
- To determine the level of awareness of the effect of oil spill by the oil and gas companies in Obunku community.
- To evaluate the impact of oil spill on the ecological development of Obunku community.
- To profer solution to the effect of oil spill on aquatic lives in Obunku community.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.How has oil spillage affected the lives of aquatic animals in Obunku community of Oyigbo L.G.A, Rivers state.?
2. How has poor oil spill clean-up method affected the environment of Obunku community?
3. What precautionary measure is set aside to minimize oil spill in Obunku community?
4. What are the obvious consequences of the disruption of aquatic lives in Obunku community?
5. What are the ways of solving the problems of incessant oil spills in Obunku community?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The following hypotheses were tested
H1: There is significant positive relationship between oil spill and aquatic live disruption in Obunku community?
1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY
This study covers Obunku community which has about five oil wells. It includes a study of the water sources available in an attempt to determine its quality in respect to its effect on aquatic lives. The research covered the assessment of the oil exploration activities especially effects of oil spills on the water quality and its effect on aquatic lives of Obunku community. The research was executed through survey and laboratory designs.
1.7 LIMITATION OF STUDY
The study has several limitations; amongst which is inaccessibility of the
exploration sites in the area due to strict security measures as to who should be
allowed into the flow station for the purpose of collecting information. This
development is as a result of the youth restiveness and militancy activities in Obunku community. Also, some of the research questions were beyond the scope and capability of the indigenes, such questions as’ methods of oil spill clean-up by prospecting companies’. Everyattempt to get the administrative staff of SPDC to answer these questions met with resistance and lack of cooperation from them.
Lastly, quantitative literature on oil spill incidents, was not sufficiently accessible, and above all, finances are some of the limitations of the study.
1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Oil Spillage has deleterious effect on the environment Obunku community in Oyigbo L.G.A, Rivers state and it is a major threat to the survival of the ecological system. It is also a major reason for the incessant unrest, instability and clashes between oil prospecting companies and host community.
A research into effects and management of oil spills will provide information and data base which will help in the elimination and amelioration of the problem of oil spill, thereby making the environment more conducive for host communities and solve the issues of restiveness, ethnic clashes, war, hostilities that be- devils the Obunku community in Oyigbo L.G.A, Rivers state. save the huge financial loss that these crisis cause the Government of Nigeria and thereby improving the Nations Economy, because the economy of Nigeria is heavily dependant on the oil sector, as it produces as much as 90-95% of its export revenues. Also, when it is discovered from the study that oil spillage has adverse effect on the aquatic livesin Obunku community, the results of the finding will be beneficial to the community as it will act as a guide in management of aquatic animals, water resources development, academic growth, policy formulation and also aid the municipal water treatment agency in the use of polluted water by the community.
1.9 STUDY AREA
The study area is Obunku community which is located in Oyigbo Local Government area of Rivers State.
Obunku community is made up of three autonomous communities . Obunku community is bounded by Omuosi-Ndoki, Ayama-Ndoki and Egberu-Ndoki. Obunku community lies between latitude N 40 52I 2011 and longitude E 60 551 5311. Rivers state is bounded on the North by Bayelsa State, South by the Akwa Ibom, South- East by Abia State, and East by Imo State.
Hence, the interest in the area is both ecological and economical.
The villages that makes up of the present Oyigbo local government area are
historically grouped into three sub-clans, namely:
(1) Umuihueze Sub-clans.
These are the villages and towns: Okoloma-Ndoki, Ayama, Obunku, Umuosi, Egber-Ndoki, Afam-Ukwu, Afam-Nta, Obeakpu-Ndoki, Mgboji -Ndoki .
(2) Okobo Sub-clan.
These are Umuagbai, Mri-ihu, Obete, Okpontu, etc,
(3) Asa Sub-clans.
These are Obigbo, kom-kom, Izuoma, Obeama, Mmiri-nwayi.
1.9.1. Economy: – Obunku’s natural resources include palm oil and palm products, cassava, fruits, vegetables and maize available in large quantities. There is crude oil for the petrochemical industry. A Shell gas plant is located in Okoloma Afam near Obunku community, as are the offices of other companies like PHCN, Daewoo, etc.
1.9.2. Population; According to the 2006 Census figures, Oyigbo local Government area has a population of 10,460. Obunku community the study area has a population of 1,307 (National Population Commission, 2009).
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